Izifo
Indlela Yokunakekela I-Alzheimer Ephelele
Iphrofayela
Isifo i-Alzheimer's (AD), esifushanisiwe egameni laso lesiNgisi, siwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuwohloka komqondo kubantu asebekhulile. Kukhinyabeza ukucabanga kwesiguli, inkumbulo, nokuzimela, kuthinte izinga lokuphila kwaso nokufa kwaso.
I-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) isichaze ngokuthi "isifo esibhubhisayo." Emhlabeni jikelele, ngokombiko we-World Alzheimer Report 2018 okhishwe yi-Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI), okwamanje okungenani kuneziguli zokuwohloka komqondo eziyizigidi ezingama-50 emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-2050, ilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-152, cishe u-60% -70% wamacala kuba iziguli ze-Alzheimer's.
Inselele ekwelapheni i-Alzheimer isekutheni indlela yokugula kwayo ayiqondwa ngokugcwele. Njengamanje, kwamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi ukungalingani phakathi kwesizukulwane kanye nokucaciswa kwe-β-amyloid (Aβ) kuthathwa njengento eqalwa yi-neurodegeneration kanye nokuqala kokuwohloka komqondo. Amazinga angavamile we-β-amyloid akha ama-plaque phakathi kwama-neuron obuchopho, ane-neurotoxic futhi aholela ekuwohlokeni kwe-neuronal.
I-Etiology
Lesi sifo singase sibe yiqembu elihlukahlukene lezimo, elivela ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezihlukahlukene (kuhlanganise nezici zebhayoloji nezengqondo). Ucwaningo lubonisa okungaphezu kwe-30 izici ezingase zibe khona kanye nokuqagela, njengomlando womndeni, ubulili besifazane, ukuhlukumezeka kwekhanda, izinga eliphansi lemfundo, isifo se-thyroid, ubudala bomama obuthuthukile noma obubambezelekile, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, nabanye.
Isici Somtholampilo
Ukuqala kwalesi sifo kuhamba kancane noma kucashile, ngokuvamile kunzima ngeziguli nemikhaya yazo ukukhomba. Kuvame kakhulu kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-70 ubudala (isilinganiso seminyaka yokuqala singama-73 kwabesilisa nama-75 kwabesifazane). Ezimweni ezimbalwa, izimpawu zibonakala ngokushesha ngemva kokugula ngokomzimba, ukuphuka, noma ukucindezeleka kwengqondo. Lesi sifo sivame kakhulu kwabesifazane (isilinganiso se-3: 1 kwabesilisa). Izimpawu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukwehla kancane kancane ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, izimpawu zengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha, nokulahlekelwa kancane kancane kwamakhono okuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqhubekela phambili kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu ngokusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono okuqonda kanye nemisebenzi yomzimba.
Isigaba sokuwohloka komqondo esimaphakathi (iminyaka engu-1-3). Izimpawu zihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, ikakhulukazi ezenzakalweni zakamuva; ukwahlulela okunciphile, kube nobunzima bokuhlaziya, ukucabanga, nokusingatha izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi; ukunganaki emsebenzini noma emisebenzini yasekhaya, ukungakwazi ukuphatha izindaba zokuthenga noma zezezimali ngokuzimela, kanye nezinkinga zomphakathi. Nakuba isiguli sisengakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi evamile yansuku zonke, sidonsa kanzima ngemisebenzi emisha, sibonisa ukungabi nandaba kwemizwelo, ukuyaluza ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye nokusola ngokuvamile. Kunomzabalazo wokuma kwesikhathi kanye nobunzima bokuqonda izindawo zejografi. Isilulumagama esilinganiselwe kanye nobunzima bokuqamba amagama nakho kujwayelekile.
Isigaba sokuwohloka komqondo esimaphakathi (iminyaka engu-2-10). Izimpawu zibandakanya ukukhubazeka okunzima kukho kokubili inkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane neyesikhathi eside, ukuncipha kwamakhono okubona kwendawo ezakhiweni ezilula, nobunzima ngesikhathi nendawo. Iziguli zibhekana nezinselele ekuxazululeni izinkinga, ukuhlukanisa ukufana nokwehluka phakathi kwezinto, futhi zithembele osizweni lwemisebenzi yangaphandle, ukugqoka, inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu, nokuzilungisa. Balahlekelwa amandla abo okwenza izibalo futhi babonise izimpawu ezihlukahlukene zemizwa njenge-aphasia, i-apraxia, ne-agnosia. Ukungabi nandaba kwemizwelo kushintsha kube ukungahlaliseki, ukuzulazula njalo, nokungakwazi ukuzithiba.
Isigaba sokuwohloka komqondo esibi (iminyaka eyi-8-12). Iziguli zithembele ngokuphelele kubanakekeli, zilahlekelwa inkumbulo ejulile kusele izingcezu zenkumbulo kuphela. Bangakwazi ukulawula imisebenzi yempilo yansuku zonke, baba nokungakwazi ukuzithiba emathunjini nasesinyeni. Bangase babonise ukuthula, ukuqina, nokuhlola ngokomzimba kungase kwembule izimpawu ezinhle zokubandakanyeka kwepheshana eliyi-pyramidal, ukukhalipha kwakudala njengokubamba okuqinile, ukuphuthaza, nokumunca. Ekugcineni, bangase bangene kwi-coma futhi ngokuvamile banqotshwe yizinkinga ezifana nokutheleleka.
Ukuhlola
Ukuhlola kwengqondo: Kufaka amathuluzi afana ne-Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ukuze kuhlolwe umsebenzi wokuqonda.
Izifundo zokucabanga: I-Brain MRI kanye ne-CT scans zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha ezinye izimbangela zokukhubazeka kwengqondo kanye nokubona izinguquko ekwakhekeni kobuchopho.
I-Electroencephalogram (EEG): Ihlola izinguquko emsebenzini kagesi wobuchopho.
Ama-Biomarker: Ama-biomarker athile egazi noma e-cerebrospinal fluid angasiza ekuxilongeni.
Ukuxilongwa
Ukuxilongwa kwesifo i-Alzheimer ngokuvamile kuhilela ukungafaki ezinye izimbangela ezingase zibe khona zokukhubazeka kwengqondo futhi kusekelwe ezimpawini zesiguli, ukuhlolwa komtholampilo, kanye nezifundo zokuthwebula izithombe. Njengamanje, ukuhlolwa kwe-pathological kusadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokuphelele ukutholakala kwesifo i-Alzheimer's.